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Sleight, E. R. The Art of Nombryng. Mathematics Teacher 35 (1942), 112--16.
The Art of Nombryng is from England in the 1400s, and is a translation of de Arte Numerandi, which was in turn written in the 1200s and is attributed to Sacrobosco. It explains how to do the basic operations of arithmetic, including mediation and duplication, and going as far as the extraction of square and cube roots. Reprinted in Swetz, Frank J., From Five Fingers to Infinity. Closely related topics: Arithmetic and England in the 1400s.