To expand search, see The Islamic World. Laterally related topics: The Hindu-Arabic Numerals, Abu Abdullah Muhammed ibn Musa al Khwarizmi, Omar Khayyam (abu-l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim Khayyam), Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, and Abu Kamil (b. 850).
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Shloming, Robert. Th\^abit ibn Qurra and the Pythagorean Theorem. Mathematics Teacher 63 (1970), 519--28.
Discusses the life and work of Th\^abit ibn Qurra, focusing on his work on the Pythagorean Theorem. Th\^abit gave two proofs of this theorem (both independently rediscovered in the early 1900s), and also a generalization to triangles that are not necessarily right-angled (independently rediscovered about 1665 by John Wallis). The author also discusses the Ishaq-Th\^abit translation of Euclid's Elements, which was the basis for the translation by Gerard of Cremona. Reprinted in Swetz, Frank J., From Five Fingers to Infinity. Closely related topic: Pythagorean Triangles and Triples.